Are neonicotinoids killing bees? A review of research into the effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on bees, with recommendations for action

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Neonicotinoid pesticides were first registered for use in the mid 1990s. Since then, these chemicals have become widely adopted for use on farm crops, ornamental landscape plants, and trees. Of the six neonicotinoids commonly used on plants, the most widely used is imidacloprid. Neonicotinoids are systemic chemicals; they are absorbed by the plant and transferred through the vascular system, making the plant itself toxic to insects. The impact of this class of insecticides on pollinating insects such as honey bees and native bees is a cause for concern. Because they are absorbed into the plant, neonicotinoids can be present in pollen and nectar, making these floral resources toxic to pollinators that feed on them. The long-lasting presence of neonicotinoids in plants, although useful from a pest management standpoint, makes it possible for these chemicals to harm pollinators even when the initial application is made outside of the bloom period. In addition, neonicotinoids persist in the soil and in plants for very long periods of time. Across Europe and the United States, a possible link to honey bee die-offs has made neonicotinoids controversial. Several European countries have reexamined the use of neonicotinoids in crops such as corn, canola, and sunflower. In the United States and elsewhere, a number of opinion articles, documentary films, and campaigns have called for the ban of neonicotinoids. This report reviews research on the impact of these pesticides on bees. The authors also identify knowledge gaps, highlight research needs, assess current regulations, and make recommendations for protecting bees.

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ELECTRONIC FILE - Zoology: Invertebrates

Author affiliations: Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation: J Hopwood, M Vaughan, M Shepherd, E Mader, SH Black, and C Mazzacano. Pennsylvania State University: D Biddinger.

SWAP (2/19/2016) citation:
Hopwood J, Vaughan M, Shepherd M, Biddinger D, Mader E, Black SH, Mazzacano C. 2012. Are neonicotinoids killing bees? A review of research into the effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on bees, with recommendations for action. Portland (OR): Xerces Society. 32 p. [accessed 2015 Dec 9]. http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Are-Neonicotinoids-Kill...