CSS
Global CSS settings, fundamental HTML elements styled and enhanced with extensible classes, and an advanced grid system.
Overview
Get the lowdown on the key pieces of Bootstrap's infrastructure, including our approach to better, faster, stronger web development.
HTML5 doctype
Bootstrap makes use of certain HTML elements and CSS properties that require the use of the HTML5 doctype. Include it at the beginning of all your projects.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html
lang="en">
...
</html>
Mobile first
With Bootstrap 2, we added optional mobile friendly styles for key aspects of the framework. With Bootstrap 3, we've rewritten the project to be mobile friendly from the start. Instead of adding on optional mobile styles, they're baked right into the core. In fact, Bootstrap is mobile first. Mobile first styles can be found throughout the entire library instead of in separate files.
To ensure proper rendering and touch zooming, add the viewport meta
tag to your <head>
.
<meta
name="viewport"
content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
You can disable zooming capabilities on mobile devices by adding user-scalable=no
to the viewport meta tag. This disables zooming, meaning users are only able
to scroll, and results in your site feeling a bit more like a native
application. Overall, we don't recommend this on every site, so use caution!
<meta
name="viewport"
content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
Typography and links
Bootstrap sets basic global display, typography, and link styles. Specifically, we:
- Set
background-color: #fff;
on thebody
- Use the
@font-family-base
,@font-size-base
, and@line-height-base
attributes as our typographic base - Set the global link color via
@link-color
and apply link underlines only on:hover
These styles can be found within scaffolding.less
.
Normalize.css
For improved cross-browser rendering, we use Normalize.css, a project by Nicolas Gallagher and Jonathan Neal.
Containers
Bootstrap requires a containing element to wrap site contents and house our
grid system. You may choose one of two containers to use in your projects.
Note that, due to padding
and more, neither container is
nestable.
Use .container
for a responsive fixed width container.
<div
class="container">
...
</div>
Use .container-fluid
for a full width container, spanning the
entire width of your viewport.
<div
class="container-fluid">
...
</div>
Grid system
Bootstrap includes a responsive, mobile first fluid grid system that appropriately scales up to 12 columns as the device or viewport size increases. It includes predefined classes for easy layout options, as well as powerful mixins for generating more semantic layouts.
Introduction
Grid systems are used for creating page layouts through a series of rows and columns that house your content. Here's how the Bootstrap grid system works:
- Rows must be placed within a
.container
(fixed-width) or.container-fluid
(full-width) for proper alignment and padding. - Use rows to create horizontal groups of columns.
- Content should be placed within columns, and only columns may be immediate children of rows.
- Predefined grid classes like
.row
and.col-xs-4
are available for quickly making grid layouts. Less mixins can also be used for more semantic layouts. - Columns create gutters (gaps between column content) via
padding
. That padding is offset in rows for the first and last column via negative margin on.row
s. - The negative margin is why the examples below are outdented. It's so that content within grid columns is lined up with non-grid content.
- Grid columns are created by specifying the number of twelve available
columns you wish to span. For example, three equal columns would use three
.col-xs-4
. - If more than 12 columns are placed within a single row, each group of extra columns will, as one unit, wrap onto a new line.
- Grid classes apply to devices with screen widths greater than or equal to
the breakpoint sizes, and override grid classes targeted at smaller devices.
Therefore, e.g. applying any
.col-md-*
class to an element will not only affect its styling on medium devices but also on large devices if a.col-lg-*
class is not present.
Look to the examples for applying these principles to your code.
Media queries
We use the following media queries in our Less files to create the key breakpoints in our grid system.
/* Extra small devices (phones, less than 768px) */
/* No media query since this is the default in Bootstrap */
/* Small devices (tablets, 768px and up) */
@media (min-width:
@screen-sm-min)
{ ... }
/* Medium devices (desktops, 992px and up) */
@media (min-width:
@screen-md-min)
{ ... }
/* Large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up) */
@media (min-width:
@screen-lg-min)
{ ... }
We occasionally expand on these media queries to include a
max-width
to limit CSS to a narrower set of devices.
@media
(max-width:
@screen-xs-max)
{ ... }
@media (min-width:
@screen-sm-min)
and
(max-width:
@screen-sm-max)
{ ... }
@media (min-width:
@screen-md-min)
and
(max-width:
@screen-md-max)
{ ... }
@media (min-width:
@screen-lg-min)
{ ... }
Grid options
See how aspects of the Bootstrap grid system work across multiple devices with a handy table.
Extra small devices Phones (<768px) | Small devices Tablets (≥768px) | Medium devices Desktops (≥992px) | Large devices Desktops (≥1200px) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Grid behavior | Horizontal at all times | Collapsed to start, horizontal above breakpoints | ||
Container width | None (auto) | 750px | 970px | 1170px |
Class prefix | .col-xs- |
.col-sm- |
.col-md- |
.col-lg- |
# of columns | 12 | |||
Column width | Auto | ~62px | ~81px | ~97px |
Gutter width | 30px (15px on each side of a column) | |||
Nestable | Yes | |||
Offsets | Yes | |||
Column ordering | Yes |
Example: Stacked-to-horizontal
Using a single set of .col-md-*
grid classes, you can create a
basic grid system that starts out stacked on mobile devices and tablet devices
(the extra small to small range) before becoming horizontal on desktop
(medium) devices. Place grid columns in any .row
.
<div
class="row">
<div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
<div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
<div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
<div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
<div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
<div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
<div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
<div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
<div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
<div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
<div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
<div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-8">.col-md-8</div>
<div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
<div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
<div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">.col-md-6</div>
<div class="col-md-6">.col-md-6</div>
</div>
Example: Fluid container
Turn any fixed-width grid layout into a full-width layout by changing your
outermost .container
to .container-fluid
.
<div
class="container-fluid">
<div class="row">
...
</div>
</div>
Example: Mobile and desktop
Don't want your columns to simply stack in smaller devices? Use the extra
small and medium device grid classes by adding .col-xs-*
.col-md-*
to your columns. See the example below for a better idea of how it all works.
<!-- Stack the columns on mobile by making one full-width and the other half-width -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-8">.col-xs-12
.col-md-8</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6
.col-md-4</div>
</div>
<!-- Columns start at 50% wide on mobile and bump up to 33.3% wide on desktop -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6
.col-md-4</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6
.col-md-4</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6
.col-md-4</div>
</div>
<!-- Columns are always 50% wide, on mobile and desktop -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-6">.col-xs-6</div>
<div class="col-xs-6">.col-xs-6</div>
</div>
Example: Mobile, tablet, desktop
Build on the previous example by creating even more dynamic and powerful
layouts with tablet .col-sm-*
classes.
<div
class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-8">.col-xs-12
.col-sm-6 .col-md-8</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6
.col-md-4</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6
.col-sm-4</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6
.col-sm-4</div>
<!-- Optional: clear the XS cols if their content doesn't match in height -->
<div class="clearfix visible-xs-block"></div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6
.col-sm-4</div>
</div>
Example: Column wrapping
If more than 12 columns are placed within a single row, each group of extra columns will, as one unit, wrap onto a new line.
Since 9 + 4 = 13 > 12, this 4-column-wide div gets wrapped onto a new line as one contiguous unit.
Subsequent columns continue along the new line.
<div
class="row">
<div class="col-xs-9">.col-xs-9</div>
<div class="col-xs-4">.col-xs-4<br>Since
9 + 4 = 13 > 12, this 4-column-wide div gets
wrapped onto a new line as one contiguous
unit.</div>
<div class="col-xs-6">.col-xs-6<br>Subsequent
columns continue along the new line.</div>
</div>
Responsive column resets
With the four tiers of grids available you're bound to run into issues where,
at certain breakpoints, your columns don't clear quite right as one is taller
than the other. To fix that, use a combination of a .clearfix
and
our responsive utility classes.
Resize your viewport or check it out on your phone for an example.
<div
class="row">
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6
.col-sm-3</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6
.col-sm-3</div>
<!-- Add the extra clearfix for only the required viewport -->
<div class="clearfix visible-xs-block"></div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6
.col-sm-3</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6
.col-sm-3</div>
</div>
In addition to column clearing at responsive breakpoints, you may need to reset offsets, pushes, or pulls. See this in action in the grid example.
<div
class="row">
<div class="col-sm-5 col-md-6">.col-sm-5
.col-md-6</div>
<div class="col-sm-5 col-sm-offset-2 col-md-6 col-md-offset-0">.col-sm-5
.col-sm-offset-2 .col-md-6
.col-md-offset-0</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-5 col-lg-6">.col-sm-6
.col-md-5 .col-lg-6</div>
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-5 col-md-offset-2 col-lg-6 col-lg-offset-0">.col-sm-6
.col-md-5 .col-md-offset-2 .col-lg-6 .col-lg-offset-0</div>
</div>
Offsetting columns
Move columns to the right using .col-md-offset-*
classes. These
classes increase the left margin of a column by *
columns. For
example, .col-md-offset-4
moves .col-md-4
over four
columns.
<div
class="row">
<div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
<div class="col-md-4 col-md-offset-4">.col-md-4
.col-md-offset-4</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 col-md-offset-3">.col-md-3
.col-md-offset-3</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-md-offset-3">.col-md-3
.col-md-offset-3</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3">.col-md-6
.col-md-offset-3</div>
</div>
Nesting columns
To nest your content with the default grid, add a new .row
and
set of .col-sm-*
columns within an existing
.col-sm-*
column. Nested rows should include a set of columns
that add up to 12 or fewer (it is not required that you use all 12 available
columns).
<div
class="row">
<div class="col-sm-9">
Level 1: .col-sm-9
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-8 col-sm-6">
Level 2: .col-xs-8 .col-sm-6
</div>
<div class="col-xs-4 col-sm-6">
Level 2: .col-xs-4 .col-sm-6
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Column ordering
Easily change the order of our built-in grid columns with .col-md-push-*
and .col-md-pull-*
modifier classes.
<div
class="row">
<div class="col-md-9 col-md-push-3">.col-md-9
.col-md-push-3</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-md-pull-9">.col-md-3
.col-md-pull-9</div>
</div>
Less mixins and variables
In addition to prebuilt grid classes for fast layouts, Bootstrap includes Less variables and mixins for quickly generating your own simple, semantic layouts.
Variables
Variables determine the number of columns, the gutter width, and the media query point at which to begin floating columns. We use these to generate the predefined grid classes documented above, as well as for the custom mixins listed below.
@grid-columns:
12;
@grid-gutter-width:
30px;
@grid-float-breakpoint:
768px;
Mixins
Mixins are used in conjunction with the grid variables to generate semantic CSS for individual grid columns.
// Creates a wrapper for a series of columns
.make-row(@gutter:
@grid-gutter-width)
{
// Then clear the floated columns
.clearfix();
@media (min-width:
@screen-sm-min)
{
margin-left:
(@gutter
/ -2);
margin-right:
(@gutter
/ -2);
}
// Negative margin nested rows out to align the content of columns
.row {
margin-left:
(@gutter
/ -2);
margin-right:
(@gutter
/ -2);
}
}
// Generate the extra small columns
.make-xs-column(@columns;
@gutter:
@grid-gutter-width)
{
position: relative;
// Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
min-height:
1px;
// Inner gutter via padding
padding-left:
(@gutter
/ 2);
padding-right: (@gutter
/ 2);
// Calculate width based on number of columns available
@media (min-width:
@grid-float-breakpoint)
{
float:
left;
width: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
// Generate the small columns
.make-sm-column(@columns;
@gutter:
@grid-gutter-width)
{
position: relative;
// Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
min-height:
1px;
// Inner gutter via padding
padding-left:
(@gutter
/ 2);
padding-right: (@gutter
/ 2);
// Calculate width based on number of columns available
@media (min-width:
@screen-sm-min)
{
float:
left;
width: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
// Generate the small column offsets
.make-sm-column-offset(@columns)
{
@media (min-width:
@screen-sm-min)
{
margin-left: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
.make-sm-column-push(@columns)
{
@media (min-width:
@screen-sm-min)
{
left: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
.make-sm-column-pull(@columns)
{
@media (min-width:
@screen-sm-min)
{
right: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
// Generate the medium columns
.make-md-column(@columns;
@gutter:
@grid-gutter-width)
{
position: relative;
// Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
min-height:
1px;
// Inner gutter via padding
padding-left:
(@gutter
/ 2);
padding-right: (@gutter
/ 2);
// Calculate width based on number of columns available
@media (min-width:
@screen-md-min)
{
float:
left;
width: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
// Generate the medium column offsets
.make-md-column-offset(@columns)
{
@media (min-width:
@screen-md-min)
{
margin-left: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
.make-md-column-push(@columns)
{
@media (min-width:
@screen-md-min)
{
left: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
.make-md-column-pull(@columns)
{
@media (min-width:
@screen-md-min)
{
right: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
// Generate the large columns
.make-lg-column(@columns;
@gutter:
@grid-gutter-width)
{
position: relative;
// Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
min-height:
1px;
// Inner gutter via padding
padding-left:
(@gutter
/ 2);
padding-right: (@gutter
/ 2);
// Calculate width based on number of columns available
@media (min-width:
@screen-lg-min)
{
float:
left;
width: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
// Generate the large column offsets
.make-lg-column-offset(@columns)
{
@media (min-width:
@screen-lg-min)
{
margin-left: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
.make-lg-column-push(@columns)
{
@media (min-width:
@screen-lg-min)
{
left: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
.make-lg-column-pull(@columns)
{
@media (min-width:
@screen-lg-min)
{
right: percentage((@columns
/
@grid-columns));
}
}
Example usage
You can modify the variables to your own custom values, or just use the mixins with their default values. Here's an example of using the default settings to create a two-column layout with a gap between.
.wrapper
{
.make-row();
}
.content-main {
.make-lg-column(8);
}
.content-secondary {
.make-lg-column(3);
.make-lg-column-offset(1);
}
<div
class="wrapper">
<div class="content-main">...</div>
<div class="content-secondary">...</div>
</div>
Typography
Headings
All HTML headings, <h1>
through <h6>
,
are available. .h1
through .h6
classes are also
available, for when you want to match the font styling of a heading but still
want your text to be displayed inline.
h1. Bootstrap heading |
Semibold 36px |
h2. Bootstrap heading |
Semibold 30px |
h3. Bootstrap heading |
Semibold 24px |
h4. Bootstrap heading |
Semibold 18px |
h5. Bootstrap heading |
Semibold 14px |
h6. Bootstrap heading |
Semibold 12px |
<h1>h1.
Bootstrap heading</h1>
<h2>h2. Bootstrap heading</h2>
<h3>h3. Bootstrap heading</h3>
<h4>h4. Bootstrap heading</h4>
<h5>h5. Bootstrap heading</h5>
<h6>h6. Bootstrap heading</h6>
Create lighter, secondary text in any heading with a generic <small>
tag or the .small
class.
h1. Bootstrap heading Secondary text |
h2. Bootstrap heading Secondary text |
h3. Bootstrap heading Secondary text |
h4. Bootstrap heading Secondary text |
h5. Bootstrap heading Secondary text |
h6. Bootstrap heading Secondary text |
<h1>h1.
Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary
text</small></h1>
<h2>h2. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary
text</small></h2>
<h3>h3. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary
text</small></h3>
<h4>h4. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary
text</small></h4>
<h5>h5. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary
text</small></h5>
<h6>h6. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary
text</small></h6>
Body copy
Bootstrap's global default font-size
is 14px,
with a line-height
of 1.428. This is applied to
the <body>
and all paragraphs. In addition,
<p>
(paragraphs) receive a bottom margin of half their computed
line-height (10px by default).
Nullam quis risus eget urna mollis ornare vel eu leo. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula.
Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula, eget lacinia odio sem nec elit. Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla.
Maecenas sed diam eget risus varius blandit sit amet non magna. Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula, eget lacinia odio sem nec elit.
<p>...</p>
Lead body copy
Make a paragraph stand out by adding .lead
.
Vivamus sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus dolor auctor. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus.
<p
class="lead">...</p>
Built with Less
The typographic scale is based on two Less variables in variables.less:
@font-size-base
and @line-height-base
. The first is
the base font-size used throughout and the second is the base line-height. We
use those variables and some simple math to create the margins, paddings, and
line-heights of all our type and more. Customize them and Bootstrap adapts.
Inline text elements
Marked text
For highlighting a run of text due to its relevance in another context, use
the <mark>
tag.
You can use the mark tag to highlight text.
You can use the mark tag to
<mark>highlight</mark>
text.
Deleted text
For indicating blocks of text that have been deleted use the <del>
tag.
This line of text is meant to be treated as deleted text.
<del>This
line of text is meant to be treated as deleted text.</del>
Strikethrough text
For indicating blocks of text that are no longer relevant use the <s>
tag.
This line of text is meant to be treated as no longer accurate.
<s>This
line of text is meant to be treated as no longer accurate.</s>
Inserted text
For indicating additions to the document use the <ins>
tag.
This line of text is meant to be treated as an addition to the document.
<ins>This
line of text is meant to be treated as an addition to the
document.</ins>
Underlined text
To underline text use the <u>
tag.
This line of text will render as underlined
<u>This
line of text will render as
underlined</u>
Make use of HTML's default emphasis tags with lightweight styles.
Small text
For de-emphasizing inline or blocks of text, use the
<small>
tag to set text at 85% the size of the parent. Heading
elements receive their own font-size
for nested <small>
elements.
You may alternatively use an inline element with .small
in place
of any <small>
.
This line of text is meant to be treated as fine print.
<small>This
line of text is meant to be treated as fine print.</small>
Bold
For emphasizing a snippet of text with a heavier font-weight.
The following snippet of text is rendered as bold text.
<strong>rendered
as bold text</strong>
Italics
For emphasizing a snippet of text with italics.
The following snippet of text is rendered as italicized text.
<em>rendered
as italicized text</em>
Alternate elements
Feel free to use <b>
and <i>
in
HTML5. <b>
is meant to highlight words or phrases without
conveying additional importance while <i>
is mostly for
voice, technical terms, etc.
Alignment classes
Easily realign text to components with text alignment classes.
Left aligned text.
Center aligned text.
Right aligned text.
Justified text.
No wrap text.
<p
class="text-left">Left
aligned text.</p>
<p class="text-center">Center
aligned text.</p>
<p class="text-right">Right
aligned text.</p>
<p class="text-justify">Justified
text.</p>
<p class="text-nowrap">No
wrap text.</p>
Transformation classes
Transform text in components with text capitalization classes.
Lowercased text.
Uppercased text.
Capitalized text.
<p
class="text-lowercase">Lowercased
text.</p>
<p class="text-uppercase">Uppercased
text.</p>
<p class="text-capitalize">Capitalized
text.</p>
Abbreviations
Stylized implementation of HTML's <abbr>
element for
abbreviations and acronyms to show the expanded version on hover.
Abbreviations with a title
attribute have a light dotted bottom
border and a help cursor on hover, providing additional context on hover and
to users of assistive technologies.
Basic abbreviation
An abbreviation of the word attribute is attr.
<abbr
title="attribute">attr</abbr>
Initialism
Add .initialism
to an abbreviation for a slightly smaller
font-size.
HTML is the best thing since sliced bread.
<abbr
title="HyperText Markup Language"
class="initialism">HTML</abbr>
Addresses
Present contact information for the nearest ancestor or the entire body of
work. Preserve formatting by ending all lines with <br>
.
795 Folsom Ave, Suite 600
San Francisco, CA 94107
P: (123) 456-7890 Full Name
first.last@example.com
<address>
<strong>Twitter, Inc.</strong><br>
795 Folsom Ave, Suite 600<br>
San Francisco, CA 94107<br>
<abbr
title="Phone">P:</abbr>
(123) 456-7890
</address>
<address>
<strong>Full Name</strong><br>
<a href="mailto:#">first.last@example.com</a>
</address>
Blockquotes
For quoting blocks of content from another source within your document.
Default blockquote
Wrap <blockquote>
around any
HTML as the quote. For straight
quotes, we recommend a <p>
.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.
<blockquote>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a
ante.</p>
</blockquote>
Blockquote options
Style and content changes for simple variations on a standard <blockquote>
.
Naming a source
Add a <footer>
for identifying the source. Wrap the name
of the source work in <cite>
.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.
<blockquote>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a
ante.</p>
<footer>Someone famous in <cite
title="Source Title">Source
Title</cite></footer>
</blockquote>
Alternate displays
Add .blockquote-reverse
for a blockquote with right-aligned
content.
<blockquote
class="blockquote-reverse">
...
</blockquote>
Lists
Unordered
A list of items in which the order does not explicitly matter.
- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
- Consectetur adipiscing elit
- Integer molestie lorem at massa
- Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
- Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
- Phasellus iaculis neque
- Purus sodales ultricies
- Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem
- Ac tristique libero volutpat at
- Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
- Aenean sit amet erat nunc
- Eget porttitor lorem
<ul>
<li>...</li>
</ul>
Ordered
A list of items in which the order does explicitly matter.
- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
- Consectetur adipiscing elit
- Integer molestie lorem at massa
- Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
- Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
- Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
- Aenean sit amet erat nunc
- Eget porttitor lorem
<ol>
<li>...</li>
</ol>
Unstyled
Remove the default list-style
and left margin on list items
(immediate children only). This only applies to immediate children
list items, meaning you will need to add the class for any nested
lists as well.
- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
- Consectetur adipiscing elit
- Integer molestie lorem at massa
- Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
- Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
- Phasellus iaculis neque
- Purus sodales ultricies
- Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem
- Ac tristique libero volutpat at
- Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
- Aenean sit amet erat nunc
- Eget porttitor lorem
<ul
class="list-unstyled">
<li>...</li>
</ul>
Inline
Place all list items on a single line with display:
inline-block;
and some light padding.
- Lorem ipsum
- Phasellus iaculis
- Nulla volutpat
<ul
class="list-inline">
<li>...</li>
</ul>
Description
A list of terms with their associated descriptions.
- Description lists
- A description list is perfect for defining terms.
- Euismod
- Vestibulum id ligula porta felis euismod semper eget lacinia odio sem nec elit.
- Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus.
- Malesuada porta
- Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
<dl>
<dt>...</dt>
<dd>...</dd>
</dl>
Horizontal description
Make terms and descriptions in <dl>
line up side-by-side.
Starts off stacked like default <dl>
s, but when the navbar
expands, so do these.
- Description lists
- A description list is perfect for defining terms.
- Euismod
- Vestibulum id ligula porta felis euismod semper eget lacinia odio sem nec elit.
- Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus.
- Malesuada porta
- Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
- Felis euismod semper eget lacinia
- Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris condimentum nibh, ut fermentum massa justo sit amet risus.
<dl
class="dl-horizontal">
<dt>...</dt>
<dd>...</dd>
</dl>
Auto-truncating
Horizontal description lists will truncate terms that are too long to fit
in the left column with text-overflow
. In narrower viewports,
they will change to the default stacked layout.
Code
Inline
Wrap inline snippets of code with <code>
.
<section>
should be wrapped as inline.
For example,
<code><section></code>
should be wrapped as inline.
User input
Use the <kbd>
to indicate input that is typically
entered via keyboard.
To edit settings, press ctrl + ,
To
switch directories, type
<kbd>cd</kbd>
followed by the name of the directory.<br>
To edit settings, press
<kbd><kbd>ctrl</kbd>
+ <kbd>,</kbd></kbd>
Basic block
Use <pre>
for multiple lines of code. Be sure to escape
any angle brackets in the code for proper rendering.
<p>Sample text here...</p>
<pre><p>Sample
text
here...</p></pre>
You may optionally add the .pre-scrollable
class, which will
set a max-height of 350px and provide a y-axis scrollbar.
Variables
For indicating variables use the <var>
tag.
y = mx + b
<var>y</var>
= <var>m</var><var>x</var>
+ <var>b</var>
Sample output
For indicating blocks sample output from a program use the <samp>
tag.
This text is meant to be treated as sample output from a computer program.
<samp>This
text is meant to be treated as sample output from a computer
program.</samp>
Tables
Basic example
For basic styling—light padding and only horizontal dividers—add
the base class .table
to any <table>
. It may
seem super redundant, but given the widespread use of tables for other plugins
like calendars and date pickers, we've opted to isolate our custom table
styles.
# | First Name | Last Name | Username |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mark | Otto | @mdo |
2 | Jacob | Thornton | @fat |
3 | Larry | the Bird |
<table
class="table">
...
</table>
Striped rows
Use .table-striped
to add zebra-striping to any table row within
the <tbody>
.
Cross-browser compatibility
Striped tables are styled via the :nth-child
CSS selector,
which is not available in Internet Explorer 8.
# | First Name | Last Name | Username |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mark | Otto | @mdo |
2 | Jacob | Thornton | @fat |
3 | Larry | the Bird |
<table
class="table table-striped">
...
</table>
Bordered table
Add .table-bordered
for borders on all sides of the table and
cells.
# | First Name | Last Name | Username |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mark | Otto | @mdo |
2 | Jacob | Thornton | @fat |
3 | Larry | the Bird |
<table
class="table table-bordered">
...
</table>
Hover rows
Add .table-hover
to enable a hover state on table rows within a
<tbody>
.
# | First Name | Last Name | Username |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mark | Otto | @mdo |
2 | Jacob | Thornton | @fat |
3 | Larry | the Bird |
<table
class="table table-hover">
...
</table>
Condensed table
Add .table-condensed
to make tables more compact by cutting cell
padding in half.
# | First Name | Last Name | Username |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mark | Otto | @mdo |
2 | Jacob | Thornton | @fat |
3 | Larry the Bird |
<table
class="table table-condensed">
...
</table>
Contextual classes
Use contextual classes to color table rows or individual cells.
Class | Description |
---|---|
.active
|
Applies the hover color to a particular row or cell |
.success
|
Indicates a successful or positive action |
.info
|
Indicates a neutral informative change or action |
.warning
|
Indicates a warning that might need attention |
.danger
|
Indicates a dangerous or potentially negative action |
# | Column heading | Column heading | Column heading |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Column content | Column content | Column content |
2 | Column content | Column content | Column content |
3 | Column content | Column content | Column content |
4 | Column content | Column content | Column content |
5 | Column content | Column content | Column content |
6 | Column content | Column content | Column content |
7 | Column content | Column content | Column content |
8 | Column content | Column content | Column content |
9 | Column content | Column content | Column content |
<!-- On rows -->
<tr class="active">...</tr>
<tr class="success">...</tr>
<tr class="warning">...</tr>
<tr class="danger">...</tr>
<tr class="info">...</tr>
<!-- On cells (`td` or `th`) -->
<tr>
<td class="active">...</td>
<td class="success">...</td>
<td class="warning">...</td>
<td class="danger">...</td>
<td class="info">...</td>
</tr>
Conveying meaning to assistive technologies
Using color to add meaning to a table row or individual cell only provides
a visual indication, which will not be conveyed to users of assistive
technologies – such as screen readers. Ensure that information denoted by
the color is either obvious from the content itself (the visible text in the
relevant table row/cell), or is included through alternative means, such as
additional text hidden with the .sr-only
class.
Responsive tables
Create responsive tables by wrapping any .table
in .table-responsive
to make them scroll horizontally on small devices (under 768px). When viewing
on anything larger than 768px wide, you will not see any difference in these
tables.
Vertical clipping/truncation
Responsive tables make use of overflow-y: hidden
, which clips
off any content that goes beyond the bottom or top edges of the table. In
particular, this can clip off dropdown menus and other third-party widgets.
Firefox and fieldsets
Firefox has some awkward fieldset styling involving width
that
interferes with the responsive table. This cannot be overriden without a
Firefox-specific hack that we don't provide in Bootstrap:
@-moz-document
url-prefix()
{
fieldset { display:
table-cell;
}
}
For more information, read this Stack Overflow answer.
# | Table heading | Table heading | Table heading | Table heading | Table heading | Table heading |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell |
2 | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell |
3 | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell |
# | Table heading | Table heading | Table heading | Table heading | Table heading | Table heading |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell |
2 | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell |
3 | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell | Table cell |
<div
class="table-responsive">
<table
class="table">
...
</table>
</div>
Forms
Basic example
Individual form controls automatically receive some global styling. All
textual <input>
, <textarea>
, and
<select>
elements with .form-control
are set to
width: 100%;
by default. Wrap labels and controls in .form-group
for optimum spacing.
<form>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputEmail1">Email
address</label>
<input
type="email" class="form-control"
id="exampleInputEmail1"
placeholder="Enter email">
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">Password</label>
<input
type="password"
class="form-control"
id="exampleInputPassword1"
placeholder="Password">
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputFile">File
input</label>
<input
type="file" id="exampleInputFile">
<p class="help-block">Example
block-level help text here.</p>
</div>
<div class="checkbox">
<label>
<input
type="checkbox">
Check me out
</label>
</div>
<button
type="submit" class="btn btn-default">Submit</button>
</form>
Don't mix form groups with input groups
Do not mix form groups directly with input groups. Instead, nest the input group inside of the form group.
Inline form
Add .form-inline
to your form (which doesn't have to be a
<form>
) for left-aligned and inline-block controls. This
only applies to forms within viewports that are at least 768px wide.
May require custom widths
Inputs and selects have width: 100%;
applied by default in
Bootstrap. Within inline forms, we reset that to width: auto;
so multiple controls can reside on the same line. Depending on your layout,
additional custom widths may be required.
Always add labels
Screen readers will have trouble with your forms if you don't include a
label for every input. For these inline forms, you can hide the labels using
the .sr-only
class. There are further alternative methods of
providing a label for assistive technologies, such as the
aria-label
, aria-labelledby
or title
attribute. If none of these is present, screen readers may resort to using
the placeholder
attribute, if present, but note that use of
placeholder
as a replacement for other labelling methods is not
advised.
<form
class="form-inline">
<div class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputName2">Name</label>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="exampleInputName2"
placeholder="Jane Doe">
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputEmail2">Email</label>
<input
type="email" class="form-control"
id="exampleInputEmail2"
placeholder="jane.doe@example.com">
</div>
<button
type="submit" class="btn btn-default">Send
invitation</button>
</form>
<form
class="form-inline">
<div class="form-group">
<label
class="sr-only"
for="exampleInputEmail3">Email
address</label>
<input
type="email" class="form-control"
id="exampleInputEmail3"
placeholder="Enter email">
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label
class="sr-only"
for="exampleInputPassword3">Password</label>
<input
type="password"
class="form-control"
id="exampleInputPassword3"
placeholder="Password">
</div>
<div class="checkbox">
<label>
<input
type="checkbox">
Remember me
</label>
</div>
<button
type="submit" class="btn btn-default">Sign
in</button>
</form>
<form
class="form-inline">
<div class="form-group">
<label
class="sr-only"
for="exampleInputAmount">Amount
(in dollars)</label>
<div class="input-group">
<div class="input-group-addon">$</div>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="exampleInputAmount"
placeholder="Amount">
<div class="input-group-addon">.00</div>
</div>
</div>
<button
type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Transfer
cash</button>
</form>
Horizontal form
Use Bootstrap's predefined grid classes to align labels and groups of form
controls in a horizontal layout by adding .form-horizontal
to the
form (which doesn't have to be a <form>
). Doing so changes
.form-group
s to behave as grid rows, so no need for
.row
.
<form
class="form-horizontal">
<div class="form-group">
<label for="inputEmail3"
class="col-sm-2 control-label">Email</label>
<div class="col-sm-10">
<input
type="email" class="form-control"
id="inputEmail3"
placeholder="Email">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="inputPassword3"
class="col-sm-2 control-label">Password</label>
<div class="col-sm-10">
<input
type="password"
class="form-control"
id="inputPassword3"
placeholder="Password">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10">
<div class="checkbox">
<label>
<input
type="checkbox">
Remember me
</label>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10">
<button
type="submit" class="btn btn-default">Sign
in</button>
</div>
</div>
</form>
Supported controls
Examples of standard form controls supported in an example form layout.
Inputs
Most common form control, text-based input fields. Includes support for all
HTML5 types: text
, password
, datetime
,
datetime-local
, date
, month
,
time
, week
, number
, email
,
url
, search
, tel
, and
color
.
Type declaration required
Inputs will only be fully styled if their type
is properly
declared.
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
placeholder="Text input">
Input groups
To add integrated text or buttons before and/or after any text-based
<input>
, check out the
input group component.
Textarea
Form control which supports multiple lines of text. Change rows
attribute as necessary.
<textarea
class="form-control"
rows="3"></textarea>
Checkboxes and radios
Checkboxes are for selecting one or several options in a list, while radios are for selecting one option from many.
A checkbox or radio with the disabled
attribute will be styled
appropriately. To have the <label>
for the checkbox or
radio also display a "not-allowed" cursor when the user hovers over the label,
add the .disabled
class to your .radio
, .radio-inline
,
.checkbox
, .checkbox-inline
, or <fieldset>
.
Default (stacked)
<div
class="checkbox">
<label>
<input
type="checkbox"
value="">
Option one is this and that—be sure to
include why it's great
</label>
</div>
<div class="checkbox disabled">
<label>
<input
type="checkbox"
value="" disabled>
Option two is disabled
</label>
</div>
<div class="radio">
<label>
<input
type="radio" name="optionsRadios"
id="optionsRadios1"
value="option1"
checked>
Option one is this and that—be sure to
include why it's great
</label>
</div>
<div class="radio">
<label>
<input
type="radio" name="optionsRadios"
id="optionsRadios2"
value="option2">
Option two can be something else and selecting it will deselect option one
</label>
</div>
<div class="radio disabled">
<label>
<input
type="radio" name="optionsRadios"
id="optionsRadios3"
value="option3"
disabled>
Option three is disabled
</label>
</div>
Inline checkboxes and radios
Use the .checkbox-inline
or .radio-inline
classes
on a series of checkboxes or radios for controls that appear on the same line.
<label
class="checkbox-inline">
<input
type="checkbox"
id="inlineCheckbox1"
value="option1">
1
</label>
<label
class="checkbox-inline">
<input
type="checkbox"
id="inlineCheckbox2"
value="option2">
2
</label>
<label
class="checkbox-inline">
<input
type="checkbox"
id="inlineCheckbox3"
value="option3">
3
</label>
<label
class="radio-inline">
<input
type="radio" name="inlineRadioOptions"
id="inlineRadio1"
value="option1">
1
</label>
<label
class="radio-inline">
<input
type="radio" name="inlineRadioOptions"
id="inlineRadio2"
value="option2">
2
</label>
<label
class="radio-inline">
<input
type="radio" name="inlineRadioOptions"
id="inlineRadio3"
value="option3">
3
</label>
Checkboxes and radios without label text
Should you have no text within the <label>
, the input is
positioned as you'd expect. Currently only works on non-inline
checkboxes and radios. Remember to still provide some form of label
for assistive technologies (for instance, using aria-label
).
<div
class="checkbox">
<label>
<input
type="checkbox"
id="blankCheckbox"
value="option1"
aria-label="...">
</label>
</div>
<div class="radio">
<label>
<input
type="radio" name="blankRadio"
id="blankRadio1"
value="option1"
aria-label="...">
</label>
</div>
Selects
Note that many native select menus—namely in Safari and Chrome—have rounded
corners that cannot be modified via border-radius
properties.
<select
class="form-control">
<option>1</option>
<option>2</option>
<option>3</option>
<option>4</option>
<option>5</option>
</select>
For <select>
controls with the multiple
attribute, multiple options are shown by default.
<select
multiple
class="form-control">
<option>1</option>
<option>2</option>
<option>3</option>
<option>4</option>
<option>5</option>
</select>
Static control
When you need to place plain text next to a form label within a form, use the
.form-control-static
class on a <p>
.
<form
class="form-horizontal">
<div class="form-group">
<label
class="col-sm-2 control-label">Email</label>
<div class="col-sm-10">
<p class="form-control-static">email@example.com</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="inputPassword"
class="col-sm-2 control-label">Password</label>
<div class="col-sm-10">
<input
type="password"
class="form-control"
id="inputPassword"
placeholder="Password">
</div>
</div>
</form>
<form
class="form-inline">
<div class="form-group">
<label
class="sr-only">Email</label>
<p class="form-control-static">email@example.com</p>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="inputPassword2"
class="sr-only">Password</label>
<input
type="password"
class="form-control"
id="inputPassword2"
placeholder="Password">
</div>
<button
type="submit" class="btn btn-default">Confirm
identity</button>
</form>
Focus state
We remove the default outline
styles on some form controls and
apply a box-shadow
in its place for :focus
.
Demo :focus
state
The above example input uses custom styles in our documentation to
demonstrate the :focus
state on a .form-control
.
Disabled state
Add the disabled
boolean attribute on an input to prevent user
interactions. Disabled inputs appear lighter and add a
not-allowed
cursor.
<input
class="form-control"
id="disabledInput"
type="text" placeholder="Disabled input here..."
disabled>
Disabled fieldsets
Add the disabled
attribute to a <fieldset>
to
disable all the controls within the <fieldset>
at once.
Caveat about link functionality of <a>
By default, browsers will treat all native form controls (<input>
,
<select>
and <button>
elements) inside
a <fieldset disabled>
as disabled, preventing both
keyboard and mouse interactions on them. However, if your form also includes
<a ... class="btn btn-*">
elements, these will only be
given a style of pointer-events: none
. As noted in the section
about disabled state for buttons (and
specifically in the sub-section for anchor elements), this CSS property is
not yet standardized and isn't fully supported in Opera 18 and below, or in
Internet Explorer 11, and won't prevent keyboard users from being able to
focus or activate these links. So to be safe, use custom JavaScript to
disable such links.
Cross-browser compatibility
While Bootstrap will apply these styles in all browsers, Internet Explorer
11 and below don't fully support the disabled
attribute on a
<fieldset>
. Use custom JavaScript to disable the fieldset
in these browsers.
<form>
<fieldset
disabled>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="disabledTextInput">Disabled
input</label>
<input
type="text" id="disabledTextInput"
class="form-control"
placeholder="Disabled input">
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="disabledSelect">Disabled
select menu</label>
<select id="disabledSelect"
class="form-control">
<option>Disabled select</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="checkbox">
<label>
<input
type="checkbox">
Can't check this
</label>
</div>
<button
type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button>
</fieldset>
</form>
Readonly state
Add the readonly
boolean attribute on an input to prevent
modification of the input's value. Read-only inputs appear lighter (just like
disabled inputs), but retain the standard cursor.
<input
class="form-control"
type="text" placeholder="Readonly input here…"
readonly>
Validation states
Bootstrap includes validation styles for error, warning, and success states
on form controls. To use, add .has-warning
,
.has-error
, or .has-success
to the parent element.
Any .control-label
, .form-control
, and .help-block
within that element will receive the validation styles.
Conveying validation state to assistive technologies and colorblind users
Using these validation styles to denote the state of a form control only provides a visual, color-based indication, which will not be conveyed to users of assistive technologies - such as screen readers - or to colorblind users.
Ensure that an alternative indication of state is also provided. For
instance, you can include a hint about state in the form control's
<label>
text itself (as is the case in the following code
example), include a Glyphicon (with
appropriate alternative text using the .sr-only
class - see the
Glyphicon examples), or by
providing an additional help text block.
Specifically for assistive technologies, invalid form controls can also be
assigned an aria-invalid="true"
attribute.
<div
class="form-group has-success">
<label
class="control-label"
for="inputSuccess1">Input
with success</label>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputSuccess1">
</div>
<div class="form-group has-warning">
<label
class="control-label"
for="inputWarning1">Input
with warning</label>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputWarning1">
</div>
<div class="form-group has-error">
<label
class="control-label"
for="inputError1">Input
with error</label>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputError1">
</div>
<div class="has-success">
<div class="checkbox">
<label>
<input
type="checkbox"
id="checkboxSuccess"
value="option1">
Checkbox with success
</label>
</div>
</div>
<div class="has-warning">
<div class="checkbox">
<label>
<input
type="checkbox"
id="checkboxWarning"
value="option1">
Checkbox with warning
</label>
</div>
</div>
<div class="has-error">
<div class="checkbox">
<label>
<input
type="checkbox"
id="checkboxError"
value="option1">
Checkbox with error
</label>
</div>
</div>
With optional icons
You can also add optional feedback icons with the addition of .has-feedback
and the right icon.
Feedback icons only work with textual <input
class="form-control">
elements.
Icons, labels, and input groups
Manual positioning of feedback icons is required for inputs without a label
and for input groups with an add-on
on the right. You are strongly encouraged to provide labels for all inputs
for accessibility reasons. If you wish to prevent labels from being
displayed, hide them with the .sr-only
class. If you must do
without labels, adjust the top
value of the feedback icon. For
input groups, adjust the right
value to an appropriate pixel
value depending on the width of your addon.
Conveying the icon's meaning to assistive technologies
To ensure that assistive technologies – such as screen readers – correctly
convey the meaning of an icon, additional hidden text should be included
with the .sr-only
class and explicitly associated with the form
control it relates to using aria-describedby
. Alternatively,
ensure that the meaning (for instance, the fact that there is a warning for
a particular text entry field) is conveyed in some other form, such as
changing the text of the actual <label>
associated with
the form control.
Although the following examples already mention the validation state of
their respective form controls in the <label>
text
itself, the above technique (using .sr-only
text and aria-describedby
)
has been included for illustrative purposes.
<div
class="form-group has-success has-feedback">
<label
class="control-label"
for="inputSuccess2">Input
with success</label>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputSuccess2"
aria-describedby="inputSuccess2Status">
<span
class="glyphicon glyphicon-ok form-control-feedback"
aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span id="inputSuccess2Status"
class="sr-only">(success)</span>
</div>
<div class="form-group has-warning has-feedback">
<label
class="control-label"
for="inputWarning2">Input
with warning</label>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputWarning2"
aria-describedby="inputWarning2Status">
<span
class="glyphicon glyphicon-warning-sign form-control-feedback"
aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span id="inputWarning2Status"
class="sr-only">(warning)</span>
</div>
<div class="form-group has-error has-feedback">
<label
class="control-label"
for="inputError2">Input
with error</label>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputError2"
aria-describedby="inputError2Status">
<span
class="glyphicon glyphicon-remove form-control-feedback"
aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span id="inputError2Status"
class="sr-only">(error)</span>
</div>
<div class="form-group has-success has-feedback">
<label
class="control-label"
for="inputGroupSuccess1">Input
group with success</label>
<div class="input-group">
<span
class="input-group-addon">@</span>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputGroupSuccess1"
aria-describedby="inputGroupSuccess1Status">
</div>
<span
class="glyphicon glyphicon-ok form-control-feedback"
aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span id="inputGroupSuccess1Status"
class="sr-only">(success)</span>
</div>
Optional icons in horizontal and inline forms
<form
class="form-horizontal">
<div class="form-group has-success has-feedback">
<label
class="control-label col-sm-3"
for="inputSuccess3">Input
with success</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputSuccess3"
aria-describedby="inputSuccess3Status">
<span
class="glyphicon glyphicon-ok form-control-feedback"
aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span id="inputSuccess3Status"
class="sr-only">(success)</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group has-success has-feedback">
<label
class="control-label col-sm-3"
for="inputGroupSuccess2">Input
group with success</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<div class="input-group">
<span
class="input-group-addon">@</span>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputGroupSuccess2"
aria-describedby="inputGroupSuccess2Status">
</div>
<span
class="glyphicon glyphicon-ok form-control-feedback"
aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span id="inputGroupSuccess2Status"
class="sr-only">(success)</span>
</div>
</div>
</form>
<form
class="form-inline">
<div class="form-group has-success has-feedback">
<label
class="control-label"
for="inputSuccess4">Input
with success</label>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputSuccess4"
aria-describedby="inputSuccess4Status">
<span
class="glyphicon glyphicon-ok form-control-feedback"
aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span id="inputSuccess4Status"
class="sr-only">(success)</span>
</div>
</form>
<form
class="form-inline">
<div class="form-group has-success has-feedback">
<label
class="control-label"
for="inputGroupSuccess3">Input
group with success</label>
<div class="input-group">
<span
class="input-group-addon">@</span>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputGroupSuccess3"
aria-describedby="inputGroupSuccess3Status">
</div>
<span
class="glyphicon glyphicon-ok form-control-feedback"
aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span id="inputGroupSuccess3Status"
class="sr-only">(success)</span>
</div>
</form>
Optional icons with hidden .sr-only
labels
If you use the .sr-only
class to hide a form control's
<label>
(rather than using other labelling options, such as the
aria-label
attribute), Bootstrap will automatically adjust the
position of the icon once it's been added.
<div
class="form-group has-success has-feedback">
<label
class="control-label sr-only"
for="inputSuccess5">Hidden
label</label>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputSuccess5"
aria-describedby="inputSuccess5Status">
<span
class="glyphicon glyphicon-ok form-control-feedback"
aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span id="inputSuccess5Status"
class="sr-only">(success)</span>
</div>
<div class="form-group has-success has-feedback">
<label
class="control-label sr-only"
for="inputGroupSuccess4">Input
group with success</label>
<div class="input-group">
<span
class="input-group-addon">@</span>
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
id="inputGroupSuccess4"
aria-describedby="inputGroupSuccess4Status">
</div>
<span
class="glyphicon glyphicon-ok form-control-feedback"
aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span id="inputGroupSuccess4Status"
class="sr-only">(success)</span>
</div>
Control sizing
Set heights using classes like .input-lg
, and set widths using
grid column classes like .col-lg-*
.
Height sizing
Create taller or shorter form controls that match button sizes.
<input
class="form-control input-lg"
type="text" placeholder=".input-lg">
<input
class="form-control"
type="text" placeholder="Default input">
<input
class="form-control input-sm"
type="text" placeholder=".input-sm">
<select
class="form-control input-lg">...</select>
<select
class="form-control">...</select>
<select
class="form-control input-sm">...</select>
Horizontal form group sizes
Quickly size labels and form controls within .form-horizontal
by
adding .form-group-lg
or .form-group-sm
.
<form
class="form-horizontal">
<div class="form-group form-group-lg">
<label
class="col-sm-2 control-label"
for="formGroupInputLarge">Large
label</label>
<div class="col-sm-10">
<input
class="form-control"
type="text" id="formGroupInputLarge"
placeholder="Large input">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group form-group-sm">
<label
class="col-sm-2 control-label"
for="formGroupInputSmall">Small
label</label>
<div class="col-sm-10">
<input
class="form-control"
type="text" id="formGroupInputSmall"
placeholder="Small input">
</div>
</div>
</form>
Column sizing
Wrap inputs in grid columns, or any custom parent element, to easily enforce desired widths.
<div
class="row">
<div class="col-xs-2">
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
placeholder=".col-xs-2">
</div>
<div class="col-xs-3">
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
placeholder=".col-xs-3">
</div>
<div class="col-xs-4">
<input
type="text" class="form-control"
placeholder=".col-xs-4">
</div>
</div>
Help text
Block level help text for form controls.
Associating help text with form controls
Help text should be explicitly associated with the form control it relates
to using the aria-describedby
attribute. This will ensure that
assistive technologies – such as screen readers – will announce this help
text when the user focuses or enters the control.
<label
class="sr-only"
for="inputHelpBlock">Input
with help text</label>
<input
type="text" id="inputHelpBlock"
class="form-control"
aria-describedby="helpBlock">
...
<span id="helpBlock"
class="help-block">A
block of help text that breaks onto a new line and may extend beyond one line.</span>
Buttons
Button tags
Use the button classes on an <a>
,
<button>
, or <input>
element.
<a
class="btn btn-default"
href="#" role="button">Link</a>
<button
class="btn btn-default"
type="submit">Button</button>
<input
class="btn btn-default"
type="button"
value="Input">
<input
class="btn btn-default"
type="submit"
value="Submit">
Context-specific usage
While button classes can be used on <a>
and <button>
elements, only <button>
elements are supported within
our nav and navbar components.
Links acting as buttons
If the <a>
elements are used to act as buttons –
triggering in-page functionality, rather than navigating to another
document or section within the current page – they should also be given an
appropriate role="button"
.
Cross-browser rendering
As a best practice, we highly recommend using the <button>
element whenever possible to ensure matching cross-browser
rendering.
Among other things, there's
a bug in
Firefox <30 that prevents us from setting the
line-height
of <input>
-based buttons,
causing them to not exactly match the height of other buttons on Firefox.
Options
Use any of the available button classes to quickly create a styled button.
<!-- Standard button -->
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-default">Default</button>
<!-- Provides extra visual weight and identifies the primary action in a set of buttons -->
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-primary">Primary</button>
<!-- Indicates a successful or positive action -->
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-success">Success</button>
<!-- Contextual button for informational alert messages -->
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-info">Info</button>
<!-- Indicates caution should be taken with this action -->
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-warning">Warning</button>
<!-- Indicates a dangerous or potentially negative action -->
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-danger">Danger</button>
<!-- Deemphasize a button by making it look like a link while maintaining button behavior -->
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-link">Link</button>
Conveying meaning to assistive technologies
Using color to add meaning to a button only provides a visual indication,
which will not be conveyed to users of assistive technologies – such as
screen readers. Ensure that information denoted by the color is either
obvious from the content itself (the visible text of the button), or is
included through alternative means, such as additional text hidden with
the .sr-only
class.
Sizes
Fancy larger or smaller buttons? Add .btn-lg
,
.btn-sm
, or .btn-xs
for additional sizes.
<p>
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-primary btn-lg">Large
button</button>
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-default btn-lg">Large
button</button>
</p>
<p>
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-primary">Default
button</button>
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-default">Default
button</button>
</p>
<p>
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Small
button</button>
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Small
button</button>
</p>
<p>
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-primary btn-xs">Extra
small button</button>
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-default btn-xs">Extra
small button</button>
</p>
Create block level buttons—those that span the full width of a parent—
by adding .btn-block
.
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-primary btn-lg btn-block">Block
level button</button>
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-default btn-lg btn-block">Block
level button</button>
Active state
Buttons will appear pressed (with a darker background, darker border, and
inset shadow) when active. For <button>
elements, this is
done via :active
. For <a>
elements, it's
done with .active
. However, you may use .active
on
<button>
s (and include the
aria-pressed="true"
attribute) should you need to replicate the
active state programmatically.
Button element
No need to add :active
as it's a pseudo-class, but if you need
to force the same appearance, go ahead and add .active
.
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-primary btn-lg active">Primary
button</button>
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-default btn-lg active">Button</button>
Anchor element
Add the .active
class to <a>
buttons.
<a
href="#" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg active"
role="button">Primary
link</a>
<a href="#"
class="btn btn-default btn-lg active"
role="button">Link</a>
Disabled state
Make buttons look unclickable by fading them back with opacity
.
Button element
Add the disabled
attribute to <button>
buttons.
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-lg btn-primary"
disabled="disabled">Primary
button</button>
<button
type="button"
class="btn btn-default btn-lg"
disabled="disabled">Button</button>
Cross-browser compatibility
If you add the disabled
attribute to a
<button>
, Internet Explorer 9 and below will render text gray
with a nasty text-shadow that we cannot fix.
Anchor element
Add the .disabled
class to <a>
buttons.
<a
href="#" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg disabled"
role="button">Primary
link</a>
<a href="#"
class="btn btn-default btn-lg disabled"
role="button">Link</a>
We use .disabled
as a utility class here, similar to the common
.active
class, so no prefix is required.
Link functionality caveat
This class uses pointer-events: none
to try to disable the
link functionality of <a>
s, but that CSS property is
not yet standardized and isn't fully supported in Opera 18 and below, or
in Internet Explorer 11. In addition, even in browsers that do support
pointer-events: none
, keyboard navigation remains unaffected,
meaning that sighted keyboard users and users of assistive technologies
will still be able to activate these links. So to be safe, use custom
JavaScript to disable such links.
Images
Responsive images
Images in Bootstrap 3 can be made responsive-friendly via the addition of
the .img-responsive
class. This applies max-width:
100%;
, height: auto;
and display: block;
to the image so that it scales nicely to the parent element.
To center images which use the .img-responsive
class, use
.center-block
instead of .text-center
.
See the helper classes section
for more details about .center-block
usage.
SVG images and IE 8-10
In Internet Explorer 8-10, SVG images with .img-responsive
are disproportionately sized. To fix this, add width: 100%
\9;
where necessary. Bootstrap doesn't apply this automatically
as it causes complications to other image formats.
<img
src="..." class="img-responsive"
alt="Responsive image">
Image shapes
Add classes to an <img>
element to easily style images
in any project.
Cross-browser compatibility
Keep in mind that Internet Explorer 8 lacks support for rounded corners.
<img
src="..." alt="..."
class="img-rounded">
<img src="..."
alt="..." class="img-circle">
<img src="..."
alt="..." class="img-thumbnail">
Helper classes
Contextual colors
Convey meaning through color with a handful of emphasis utility classes. These may also be applied to links and will darken on hover just like our default link styles.
Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris nibh.
Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit.
Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula.
Maecenas sed diam eget risus varius blandit sit amet non magna.
Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla.
<p
class="text-muted">...</p>
<p class="text-primary">...</p>
<p class="text-success">...</p>
<p class="text-info">...</p>
<p class="text-warning">...</p>
<p class="text-danger">...</p>
Dealing with specificity
Sometimes emphasis classes cannot be applied due to the specificity of
another selector. In most cases, a sufficient workaround is to wrap your
text in a <span>
with the class.
Conveying meaning to assistive technologies
Using color to add meaning only provides a visual indication, which will
not be conveyed to users of assistive technologies – such as screen
readers. Ensure that information denoted by the color is either obvious
from the content itself (the contextual colors are only used to reinforce
meaning that is already present in the text/markup), or is included
through alternative means, such as additional text hidden with the .sr-only
class.
Contextual backgrounds
Similar to the contextual text color classes, easily set the background of an element to any contextual class. Anchor components will darken on hover, just like the text classes.
Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit.
Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula.
Maecenas sed diam eget risus varius blandit sit amet non magna.
Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla.
<p
class="bg-primary">...</p>
<p class="bg-success">...</p>
<p class="bg-info">...</p>
<p class="bg-warning">...</p>
<p class="bg-danger">...</p>
Dealing with specificity
Sometimes contextual background classes cannot be applied due to the
specificity of another selector. In some cases, a sufficient workaround is
to wrap your element's content in a <div>
with the
class.
Conveying meaning to assistive technologies
As with contextual colors, ensure that any meaning conveyed through color is also conveyed in a format that is not purely presentational.
Close icon
Use the generic close icon for dismissing content like modals and alerts.
<button
type="button"
class="close"
aria-label="Close"><span
aria-hidden="true">×</span></button>
Carets
Use carets to indicate dropdown functionality and direction. Note that the default caret will reverse automatically in dropup menus.
<span
class="caret"></span>
Quick floats
Float an element to the left or right with a class. !important
is included to avoid specificity issues. Classes can also be used as mixins.
<div
class="pull-left">...</div>
<div
class="pull-right">...</div>
// Classes
.pull-left {
float:
left !important;
}
.pull-right {
float:
right !important;
}
// Usage as mixins
.element {
.pull-left();
}
.another-element {
.pull-right();
}
Center content blocks
Set an element to display: block
and center via
margin
. Available as a mixin and class.
<div
class="center-block">...</div>
// Class
.center-block {
display: block;
margin-left:
auto;
margin-right:
auto;
}
// Usage as a mixin
.element {
.center-block();
}
Clearfix
Easily clear float
s by adding .clearfix
to
the parent element. Utilizes
the micro
clearfix as popularized by Nicolas Gallagher. Can also be used as a
mixin.
<!-- Usage as a class -->
<div
class="clearfix">...</div>
// Mixin itself
.clearfix()
{
&:before,
&:after
{
content:
" ";
display: table;
}
&:after
{
clear:
both;
}
}
// Usage as a mixin
.element {
.clearfix();
}
Showing and hiding content
Force an element to be shown or hidden (including for screen
readers) with the use of .show
and
.hidden
classes. These classes use !important
to
avoid specificity conflicts, just like the quick
floats. They are only available for block level toggling. They can
also be used as mixins.
.hide
is available, but it does not always affect screen
readers and is deprecated as of v3.0.1. Use
.hidden
or .sr-only
instead.
Furthermore, .invisible
can be used to toggle only the
visibility of an element, meaning its display
is not modified
and the element can still affect the flow of the document.
<div
class="show">...</div>
<div
class="hidden">...</div>
// Classes
.show {
display: block
!important;
}
.hidden {
display: none
!important;
visibility: hidden
!important;
}
.invisible {
visibility: hidden;
}
// Usage as mixins
.element {
.show();
}
.another-element {
.hidden();
}
Screen reader and keyboard navigation content
Hide an element to all devices except screen readers with
.sr-only
. Combine .sr-only
with .sr-only-focusable
to show the element again when it's focused (e.g. by a keyboard-only user).
Necessary for following accessibility
best practices. Can also be used as mixins.
<a
class="sr-only sr-only-focusable"
href="#content">Skip
to main content</a>
// Usage as a mixin
.skip-navigation {
.sr-only();
.sr-only-focusable();
}
Image replacement
Utilize the .text-hide
class or mixin to help replace an
element's text content with a background image.
<h1
class="text-hide">Custom
heading</h1>
// Usage as a mixin
.heading {
.text-hide();
}
Responsive utilities
For faster mobile-friendly development, use these utility classes for showing and hiding content by device via media query. Also included are utility classes for toggling content when printed.
Try to use these on a limited basis and avoid creating entirely different versions of the same site. Instead, use them to complement each device's presentation.
Available classes
Use a single or combination of the available classes for toggling content across viewport breakpoints.
Extra small devices Phones (<768px) | Small devices Tablets (≥768px) | Medium devices Desktops (≥992px) | Large devices Desktops (≥1200px) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
.visible-xs-* |
Visible | Hidden | Hidden | Hidden |
.visible-sm-* |
Hidden | Visible | Hidden | Hidden |
.visible-md-* |
Hidden | Hidden | Visible | Hidden |
.visible-lg-* |
Hidden | Hidden | Hidden | Visible |
.hidden-xs |
Hidden | Visible | Visible | Visible |
.hidden-sm |
Visible | Hidden | Visible | Visible |
.hidden-md |
Visible | Visible | Hidden | Visible |
.hidden-lg |
Visible | Visible | Visible | Hidden |
As of v3.2.0, the .visible-*-*
classes for each breakpoint come
in three variations, one for each CSS display
property value
listed below.
Group of classes | CSS display |
---|---|
.visible-*-block |
display: block; |
.visible-*-inline |
display: inline; |
.visible-*-inline-block |
display: inline-block; |
So, for extra small (xs
) screens for example, the available
.visible-*-*
classes are: .visible-xs-block
, .visible-xs-inline
,
and .visible-xs-inline-block
.
The classes .visible-xs
, .visible-sm
, .visible-md
,
and .visible-lg
also exist, but are deprecated as of
v3.2.0. They are approximately equivalent to
.visible-*-block
, except with additional special cases for
toggling <table>
-related elements.
Print classes
Similar to the regular responsive classes, use these for toggling content for print.
Classes | Browser | |
---|---|---|
.visible-print-block .visible-print-inline .visible-print-inline-block
|
Hidden | Visible |
.hidden-print |
Visible | Hidden |
The class .visible-print
also exists but is
deprecated as of v3.2.0. It is approximately equivalent to
.visible-print-block
, except with additional special cases for
<table>
-related elements.
Test cases
Resize your browser or load on different devices to test the responsive utility classes.
Visible on...
Green checkmarks indicate the element is visible in your current viewport.
Hidden on...
Here, green checkmarks also indicate the element is hidden in your current viewport.
Using Less
Bootstrap's CSS is built on Less, a preprocessor with additional functionality like variables, mixins, and functions for compiling CSS. Those looking to use the source Less files instead of our compiled CSS files can make use of the numerous variables and mixins we use throughout the framework.
Grid variables and mixins are covered within the Grid system section.
Compiling Bootstrap
Bootstrap can be used in at least two ways: with the compiled CSS or with the source Less files. To compile the Less files, consult the Getting Started section for how to setup your development environment to run the necessary commands.
Third party compilation tools may work with Bootstrap, but they are not supported by our core team.
Variables
Variables are used throughout the entire project as a way to centralize and share commonly used values like colors, spacing, or font stacks. For a complete breakdown, please see the Customizer.
Colors
Easily make use of two color schemes: grayscale and semantic. Grayscale colors provide quick access to commonly used shades of black while semantic include various colors assigned to meaningful contextual values.
@gray-darker:
lighten(#000,
13.5%); // #222
@gray-dark:
lighten(#000,
20%); // #333
@gray: lighten(#000,
33.5%); // #555
@gray-light:
lighten(#000,
46.7%); // #777
@gray-lighter:
lighten(#000,
93.5%);
// #eee
@brand-primary:
darken(#428bca,
6.5%); // #337ab7
@brand-success:
#5cb85c;
@brand-info: #5bc0de;
@brand-warning:
#f0ad4e;
@brand-danger:
#d9534f;
Use any of these color variables as they are or reassign them to more meaningful variables for your project.
// Use as-is
.masthead {
background-color:
@brand-primary;
}
// Reassigned variables in Less
@alert-message-background:
@brand-info;
.alert {
background-color:
@alert-message-background;
}
Scaffolding
A handful of variables for quickly customizing key elements of your site's skeleton.
// Scaffolding
@body-bg:
#fff;
@text-color:
@black-50;
Links
Easily style your links with the right color with only one value.
// Variables
@link-color:
@brand-primary;
@link-hover-color:
darken(@link-color,
15%);
// Usage
a {
color: @link-color;
text-decoration:
none;
&:hover
{
color: @link-hover-color;
text-decoration:
underline;
}
}
Note that the @link-hover-color
uses a function, another awesome
tool from Less, to automagically create the right hover color. You can use
darken
, lighten
, saturate
, and desaturate
.
Typography
Easily set your typeface, text size, leading, and more with a few quick variables. Bootstrap makes use of these as well to provide easy typographic mixins.
@font-family-sans-serif:
"Helvetica Neue",
Helvetica, Arial,
sans-serif;
@font-family-serif:
Georgia, "Times New Roman",
Times,
serif;
@font-family-monospace:
Menlo,
Monaco, Consolas,
"Courier New",
monospace;
@font-family-base:
@font-family-sans-serif;
@font-size-base:
14px;
@font-size-large:
ceil((@font-size-base
*
1.25)); // ~18px
@font-size-small:
ceil((@font-size-base
*
0.85)); // ~12px
@font-size-h1:
floor((@font-size-base
*
2.6)); // ~36px
@font-size-h2:
floor((@font-size-base
*
2.15)); // ~30px
@font-size-h3:
ceil((@font-size-base
*
1.7)); // ~24px
@font-size-h4:
ceil((@font-size-base
*
1.25)); // ~18px
@font-size-h5:
@font-size-base;
@font-size-h6:
ceil((@font-size-base
*
0.85)); // ~12px
@line-height-base:
1.428571429; // 20/14
@line-height-computed:
floor((@font-size-base
* @line-height-base)); // ~20px
@headings-font-family:
inherit;
@headings-font-weight:
500;
@headings-line-height:
1.1;
@headings-color:
inherit;
Icons
Two quick variables for customizing the location and filename of your icons.
@icon-font-path:
"../fonts/";
@icon-font-name:
"glyphicons-halflings-regular";
Components
Components throughout Bootstrap make use of some default variables for setting common values. Here are the most commonly used.
@padding-base-vertical:
6px;
@padding-base-horizontal:
12px;
@padding-large-vertical:
10px;
@padding-large-horizontal:
16px;
@padding-small-vertical:
5px;
@padding-small-horizontal:
10px;
@padding-xs-vertical:
1px;
@padding-xs-horizontal:
5px;
@line-height-large:
1.33;
@line-height-small:
1.5;
@border-radius-base:
4px;
@border-radius-large:
6px;
@border-radius-small:
3px;
@component-active-color:
#fff;
@component-active-bg:
@brand-primary;
@caret-width-base:
4px;
@caret-width-large:
5px;
Vendor mixins
Vendor mixins are mixins to help support multiple browsers by including all relevant vendor prefixes in your compiled CSS.
Box-sizing
Reset your components' box model with a single mixin. For context, see this helpful article from Mozilla.
The mixin is deprecated as of v3.2.0, with the introduction of Autoprefixer. To preserve backwards-compatibility, Bootstrap will continue to use the mixin internally until Bootstrap v4.
.box-sizing(@box-model)
{
-webkit-box-sizing:
@box-model; // Safari <= 5
-moz-box-sizing:
@box-model; // Firefox <= 19
box-sizing:
@box-model;
}
Rounded corners
Today all modern browsers support the non-prefixed border-radius
property. As such, there is no .border-radius()
mixin, but
Bootstrap does include shortcuts for quickly rounding two corners on a
particular side of an object.
.border-top-radius(@radius)
{
border-top-right-radius:
@radius;
border-top-left-radius:
@radius;
}
.border-right-radius(@radius)
{
border-bottom-right-radius:
@radius;
border-top-right-radius:
@radius;
}
.border-bottom-radius(@radius)
{
border-bottom-right-radius:
@radius;
border-bottom-left-radius:
@radius;
}
.border-left-radius(@radius)
{
border-bottom-left-radius:
@radius;
border-top-left-radius:
@radius;
}
Box (Drop) shadows
If your target audience is using the latest and greatest browsers and
devices, be sure to just use the box-shadow
property on its own.
If you need support for older Android (pre-v4) and iOS devices (pre-iOS 5),
use the deprecated mixin to pick up the required -webkit
prefix.
The mixin is deprecated as of v3.1.0, since Bootstrap doesn't officially support the outdated platforms that don't support the standard property. To preserve backwards-compatibility, Bootstrap will continue to use the mixin internally until Bootstrap v4.
Be sure to use rgba()
colors in your box shadows so they blend
as seamlessly as possible with backgrounds.
.box-shadow(@shadow:
0 1px 3px
rgba(0,0,0,.25))
{
-webkit-box-shadow:
@shadow; // iOS <4.3 & Android <4.1
box-shadow:
@shadow;
}
Transitions
Multiple mixins for flexibility. Set all transition information with one, or specify a separate delay and duration as needed.
The mixins are deprecated as of v3.2.0, with the introduction of Autoprefixer. To preserve backwards-compatibility, Bootstrap will continue to use the mixins internally until Bootstrap v4.
.transition(@transition)
{
-webkit-transition:
@transition;
transition:
@transition;
}
.transition-property(@transition-property)
{
-webkit-transition-property:
@transition-property;
transition-property:
@transition-property;
}
.transition-delay(@transition-delay)
{
-webkit-transition-delay:
@transition-delay;
transition-delay:
@transition-delay;
}
.transition-duration(@transition-duration)
{
-webkit-transition-duration:
@transition-duration;
transition-duration:
@transition-duration;
}
.transition-timing-function(@timing-function)
{
-webkit-transition-timing-function:
@timing-function;
transition-timing-function:
@timing-function;
}
.transition-transform(@transition)
{
-webkit-transition:
-webkit-transform
@transition;
-moz-transition:
-moz-transform
@transition;
-o-transition: -o-transform
@transition;
transition: transform
@transition;
}
Transformations
Rotate, scale, translate (move), or skew any object.
The mixins are deprecated as of v3.2.0, with the introduction of Autoprefixer. To preserve backwards-compatibility, Bootstrap will continue to use the mixins internally until Bootstrap v4.
.rotate(@degrees)
{
-webkit-transform:
rotate(@degrees);
-ms-transform:
rotate(@degrees); // IE9 only
transform:
rotate(@degrees);
}
.scale(@ratio;
@ratio-y...)
{
-webkit-transform:
scale(@ratio,
@ratio-y);
-ms-transform:
scale(@ratio,
@ratio-y); // IE9 only
transform:
scale(@ratio,
@ratio-y);
}
.translate(@x;
@y) {
-webkit-transform:
translate(@x,
@y);
-ms-transform:
translate(@x,
@y); // IE9 only
transform:
translate(@x,
@y);
}
.skew(@x;
@y) {
-webkit-transform:
skew(@x,
@y);
-ms-transform:
skewX(@x)
skewY(@y); // See https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/issues/4885; IE9+
transform:
skew(@x,
@y);
}
.translate3d(@x;
@y;
@z) {
-webkit-transform:
translate3d(@x,
@y,
@z);
transform: translate3d(@x,
@y,
@z);
}
.rotateX(@degrees)
{
-webkit-transform:
rotateX(@degrees);
-ms-transform:
rotateX(@degrees); // IE9 only
transform:
rotateX(@degrees);
}
.rotateY(@degrees)
{
-webkit-transform:
rotateY(@degrees);
-ms-transform:
rotateY(@degrees); // IE9 only
transform:
rotateY(@degrees);
}
.perspective(@perspective)
{
-webkit-perspective:
@perspective;
-moz-perspective:
@perspective;
perspective:
@perspective;
}
.perspective-origin(@perspective)
{
-webkit-perspective-origin:
@perspective;
-moz-perspective-origin:
@perspective;
perspective-origin:
@perspective;
}
.transform-origin(@origin)
{
-webkit-transform-origin:
@origin;
-moz-transform-origin:
@origin;
-ms-transform-origin:
@origin; // IE9 only
transform-origin:
@origin;
}
Animations
A single mixin for using all of CSS3's animation properties in one declaration and other mixins for individual properties.
The mixins are deprecated as of v3.2.0, with the introduction of Autoprefixer. To preserve backwards-compatibility, Bootstrap will continue to use the mixins internally until Bootstrap v4.
.animation(@animation)
{
-webkit-animation:
@animation;
animation:
@animation;
}
.animation-name(@name)
{
-webkit-animation-name:
@name;
animation-name:
@name;
}
.animation-duration(@duration)
{
-webkit-animation-duration:
@duration;
animation-duration:
@duration;
}
.animation-timing-function(@timing-function)
{
-webkit-animation-timing-function:
@timing-function;
animation-timing-function:
@timing-function;
}
.animation-delay(@delay)
{
-webkit-animation-delay:
@delay;
animation-delay:
@delay;
}
.animation-iteration-count(@iteration-count)
{
-webkit-animation-iteration-count:
@iteration-count;
animation-iteration-count:
@iteration-count;
}
.animation-direction(@direction)
{
-webkit-animation-direction:
@direction;
animation-direction:
@direction;
}
Opacity
Set the opacity for all browsers and provide a filter
fallback
for IE8.
.opacity(@opacity)
{
opacity:
@opacity;
// IE8 filter
@opacity-ie:
(@opacity
*
100);
filter:
~"alpha(opacity=@{opacity-ie})";
}
Placeholder text
Provide context for form controls within each field.
.placeholder(@color:
@input-color-placeholder)
{
&::-moz-placeholder
{ color:
@color;
} // Firefox
&:-ms-input-placeholder
{ color:
@color;
} // Internet Explorer 10+
&::-webkit-input-placeholder
{ color:
@color;
} // Safari and Chrome
}
Columns
Generate columns via CSS within a single element.
.content-columns(@width;
@count;
@gap) {
-webkit-column-width:
@width;
-moz-column-width:
@width;
column-width:
@width;
-webkit-column-count:
@count;
-moz-column-count:
@count;
column-count:
@count;
-webkit-column-gap:
@gap;
-moz-column-gap:
@gap;
column-gap:
@gap;
}
Gradients
Easily turn any two colors into a background gradient. Get more advanced and set a direction, use three colors, or use a radial gradient. With a single mixin you get all the prefixed syntaxes you'll need.
#gradient
>
.vertical(#333;
#000);
#gradient >
.horizontal(#333;
#000);
#gradient >
.radial(#333;
#000);
You can also specify the angle of a standard two-color, linear gradient:
#gradient
>
.directional(#333;
#000;
45deg);
If you need a barber-stripe style gradient, that's easy, too. Just specify a single color and we'll overlay a translucent white stripe.
#gradient
> .striped(#333;
45deg);
Up the ante and use three colors instead. Set the first color, the second color, the second color's color stop (a percentage value like 25%), and the third color with these mixins:
#gradient
>
.vertical-three-colors(#777;
#333;
25%;
#000);
#gradient >
.horizontal-three-colors(#777;
#333;
25%;
#000);
Heads up! Should you ever need to remove a gradient, be sure
to remove any IE-specific filter
you may have added. You can do
that by using the .reset-filter()
mixin alongside background-image:
none;
.
Utility mixins
Utility mixins are mixins that combine otherwise unrelated CSS properties to achieve a specific goal or task.
Clearfix
Forget adding class="clearfix"
to any element and instead add
the .clearfix()
mixin where appropriate. Uses the
micro
clearfix from Nicolas
Gallagher.
// Mixin
.clearfix()
{
&:before,
&:after
{
content:
" ";
display:
table;
}
&:after
{
clear:
both;
}
}
// Usage
.container {
.clearfix();
}
Horizontal centering
Quickly center any element within its parent. Requires
width
or max-width
to be set.
// Mixin
.center-block()
{
display:
block;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
// Usage
.container {
width:
940px;
.center-block();
}
Sizing helpers
Specify the dimensions of an object more easily.
// Mixins
.size(@width;
@height)
{
width: @width;
height:
@height;
}
.square(@size)
{
.size(@size;
@size);
}
// Usage
.image { .size(400px;
300px);
}
.avatar { .square(48px);
}
Resizable textareas
Easily configure the resize options for any textarea, or any other element.
Defaults to normal browser behavior (both
).
.resizable(@direction:
both) {
// Options: horizontal, vertical, both
resize:
@direction;
// Safari fix
overflow:
auto;
}
Truncating text
Easily truncate text with an ellipsis with a single mixin. Requires
element to be block
or inline-block
level.
// Mixin
.text-overflow()
{
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
white-space: nowrap;
}
// Usage
.branch-name {
display: inline-block;
max-width: 200px;
.text-overflow();
}
Retina images
Specify two image paths and the @1x image dimensions, and Bootstrap will provide an @2x media query. If you have many images to serve, consider writing your retina image CSS manually in a single media query.
.img-retina(@file-1x;
@file-2x; @width-1x;
@height-1x)
{
background-image:
url("@{file-1x}");
@media
only screen and
(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:
2),
only screen and
(
min--moz-device-pixel-ratio:
2),
only screen and
(
-o-min-device-pixel-ratio:
2/1),
only screen and
(
min-device-pixel-ratio:
2),
only screen and
(
min-resolution:
192dpi),
only screen and
(
min-resolution:
2dppx) {
background-image:
url("@{file-2x}");
background-size:
@width-1x
@height-1x;
}
}
// Usage
.jumbotron {
.img-retina("/img/bg-1x.png",
"/img/bg-2x.png",
100px,
100px);
}